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Weight loss, in the context of medicine or health, is a reduction of the total body weight, which can mean loss of fluid, muscle, bone mass, or fat.Contents[hide]1 Unintentional weight loss2 Intentional weight loss3 Therapeutic weight loss techniques4 Weight loss industry5 See also6 References7 External links//[edit] Unintentional weight lossThe loss of weight associated with a chronic illness is referred to as cachexia. Unexpected, unintentional weight loss is a common symptom of illness and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.Poor management of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM) can be a cause of significant weight loss. Lack of insulin triggers the release of fatty acids into blood from adipose tissue, as well as the release of protein from muscle tissue. This causes a reduction in both lean tissue and fatty tissue mass. Also of interest is to consider the weight loss as a product of the energy imbalance, because much biochemical energy is lost in the urine due to the excretion of glucose (glycosuria) and ketone bodies.Medications, lack of fluid intake, or illnesses such as diabetes can trigger fluid loss.Infections such as HIV may alter metabolism, leading to weight loss.[1]Hormonal disruptions, such as an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) , may also exhibit as weight loss.[2][edit] Intentional weight lossWeight loss may refer to the loss of total body mass in an effort to improve fitness, health, or appearance.Therapeutic weight loss, in individuals who are overweight, can decrease the likelihood of developing diseases such as diabetes [3]. Overweight and obese individuals face a greater risk of health conditions such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and osteoarthritis [4]. For healthy weight loss, a physician should be consulted to develop a weight loss plan that is tailored to the individual.Weight loss occurs when an individual is in a state of negative energy balance. When the human body is spending more energy in work and heat than it is gaining from food or other nutritional supplements, it will catabolise stored reserves of fat or muscle.It is not uncommon for people who are already at a medically healthy weight to intentionally lose weight. In some cases it is with the goal of improving athletic performance or to meet weight classifications in a sport. In other cases, the goal is to attain a more attractively shaped body. Being underweight is associated with health risks. Health problems can include fighting off infection, osteoporosis, decreased muscle strength, trouble regulating body temperature and even increased risk of death.[5][edit] Therapeutic weight loss techniquesMain article: BariatricsThe least intrusive weight loss methods, and those most often recommended by physicians, are adjustments to eating patterns and increased physical exercise. Usually, health professionals will recommend that their overweight patients combine a reduction of the caloric content of the diet, with an increase in physical activity.[6] However, as reported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), such treatment programs have a historic failure rate of 98%.Other methods of losing weight include use of drugs and supplements that decrease appetite, block fat absorption, or reduce stomach volume. Surgery is another method. Bariatric surgery artificially reduces the size of the stomach, limiting the intake of food energy. Some of these treatments may have serious side-effects.[edit] Weight loss industryThere is a huge market for products which promise to make weight loss easier, quicker, cheaper, more reliable, or less painful. These include books, CDs, and other materials, fitness centers, personal coaches, weight loss groups and food products and supplements. Americans spend an estimated $30 billion a year on all types of diet programs and products, including diet foods and drinks.[7][edit] See alsoDieting[edit] References^ Mangili A, Murman DH, Zampini AM, Wanke CA (2006). "Nutrition and HIV infection: review of weight loss and wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy from the nutrition for healthy living cohort". Clin. Infect. Dis. 42 (6): 836-42. DOI:10.1086/500398. PMID 16477562.^ Overactive thyroid and weight loss^ Diabetes Study Shows Value In Diet, Exercise, september 2001^ Prevalence of various medical conditions increases with overweight and obesity^ Mayo Clinic: Being Underweight Poses Health Risks. Retrieved January 13,2007^ Choosing a Safe and Successful Weight Loss Program^ US Food and Drug Administration: The Facts About Weight Loss Products and Programs[edit] External linksAmerica Weight Loss Center- How to Choose the BestBy Phillip EnglandArticle Word Count: 368 [View Summary] Comments (0)' +''">' +'Ads by Google';for(i = 0; i ' +'' + google_ads[i].line1 + '' +'' + google_ads[i].line2 + ' ' + google_ads[i].line3 + '' +'' + google_ads[i].visible_url + '';}s += '';document.write('' + s + '');return;}google_ad_client = 'pub-3754405753000444';//2007-06-27: EA- CPA Zone 1google_ad_channel = '8141213999';google_ad_output = 'js';google_max_num_ads = '2';google_ad_type = 'text';google_feedback = 'on';google_hints = 'america weight loss center ,weight loss, diet pills, lose weight, weight loss pill, diet, weight loss program';google_ad_region = 'test';// -->Ads by GoogleAmazing Apple Patch DietLose Pounds and Inches Mega Boost Energy Levelapplepatchdiet.com10 Diet Rules That WorkLose 9 lbs every 11 days by dieting smarter with this idiot-proof diet.FatLoss4Idiots.com' + google_ads[i].line1 + '' +'' + google_ads[i].line2 + ' ' + google_ads[i].line3 + '' +'' + google_ads[i].visible_url + '';}s += 'Advertise on this Site';document.write('' + s + '');return;}google_ad_client = 'pub-3754405753000444';//2007-07-06: EA - P1 336 Category Specificgoogle_ad_channel = '6040039708';google_ad_output = 'js';google_max_num_ads = '8';google_ad_type = 'text';google_feedback = 'on';google_hints = 'america weight loss center ,weight loss, diet pills, lose weight, weight loss pill, diet, weight loss program';google_ad_region = 'test';google_skip = '2';// -->Ads by GoogleThyroid and Coconut OilIncrease metabolism and energy by balancing your hormones and thyroidwww.coconutdiet.com"Lose 3 Pounds a Day"Fast, Easy Weight Loss! Melt Away 3 Pounds a Day.www.WulongForLife.comWeight Loss ChartPlan, Track & Evaluate Your Diet With A Free Customized Plan Today!SparkPeople.com/Weight_Loss_JournalLose Belly Fat?Abs exercises don't burn belly fat, but this One technique does.www.fitresult.comSecret To Lose My StomachI struggled for years with stomach fat, until I found this trick.www.howtogetsixpackabs.comSuper Weight Loss FoodsThese are the fat-burning foods That models and bodybuilders eatwww.BurnTheFat.comWeight Loss OptionsInformation on Surgery as an option for weight loss.www.WeightLossSurgeryOptions.comWhy is Your Belly Fat?Abs workouts don't burn belly fat, but this unique trick does!www.absolute-abs.comAdvertise on this SiteNot all America weight loss centers are the same, in the same way that not all gyms are the same. Some centers offer more facilities and services than others. Here are tips on choosing the right kind of America weight loss center no matter what your weight loss goals and health condition.Mind the feesDo not be fooled by infomercials that claim to offer ‘free consultations.’ Some America weight loss center only fool you into believing that you can actually get free advice, only so that they can pressure you to become a member on the spot. Here’s a simple trick: when you go ‘shopping and comparing’ an America weight loss center, leave your cash and checkbook in your car. This way, no amount of sales talk can make you sign a contract and fork over hundreds or thousands of dollars. Take time to weigh all of your options before signing up.Also beware of the additional fees not mentioned in the center’s ads and commercials. Most of them ask for annual maintenance fees (usually $80) the moment you reach your desired weight. Some of them even require you to buy vitamins, books, and tapes – these little things may seem cheap individually, but them add them up and you’ve got a big bill ahead of you.Vicinity is importantMake sure that the America weight loss center you choose is conveniently located near your home or your office. If the center is so far and out of the way that you have to drive half an hour to get there, chances are, you will miss your sessions. By choosing an America weight loss center near your residence or your office, you can fit your sessions right into your schedule. Go there after work or during weekends – the choice is up to you.Do they offer psychological support?Most weight loss journeys are emotional – there will be times when you will feel very deprived because the America weight loss center won’t allow you to eat the unhealthy foods you love. Look for a center that offers professional counseling – this can help gurad you from developing unusual depression or even anger resulting from changes in your eating habits.Phillip England is a weight loss expert and Author of the popular report "The Ultimate Weight Loss Secret". To receive your free information on the secret that doctors, and health companies either don't know, or don't want you to know, please see http://www.theultimateweightlosssecret.com/secretArticle Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Phillip_England' + google_ads[i].line1 + '' +'' + google_ads[i].line2 + ' ' + google_ads[i].line3 + '' +'' + google_ads[i].visible_url + '';}s += 'Advertise on this Site';document.write('' + s + '');return;}google_ad_client = 'pub-3754405753000444';//2007-07-06: EA - P3 160 Category Specificgoogle_ad_channel = '8110681651';google_ad_output = 'js';google_max_num_ads = '7';google_ad_type = 'text';google_feedback = 'on';google_hints = 'america weight loss center ,weight loss, diet pills, lose weight, weight loss pill, diet, weight loss program';google_ad_region = 'test';google_skip = '10';// -->Ads by GoogleBelly Fat SucksI struggled with ugly belly fat until I found this unique method.www.BellyFatTruth.comThe Glycemic IndexA Simple Yet Very Powerfull Way to Lose 19 Pounds In Only 21 Days!www.eatrightlivelong.comHope for Obesity17 Ways to Beat Obesity Real People Share Their Secretswww.hope-for-obesity.comFamous FatWhacker HoodiaWeight loss now. It's that simple.www.fatwhacker.comCauses Of Weight GainInsulin Resistance is a major cause of weight gain. Get help here.weight.insulitelabs.comNutriSystem Weight LossWeight loss with Good Carbs. Free membership & free week of foodwww.nutrisystem.com"Extreme Fat Loss"[Warning] - Not for Everybody. But If You Can Do It - It Works!BurnYourBodyFat.comAdvertise on this SiteOther Recent EzineArticles from the Health-and-Fitness:Weight-Loss Category:Drinking Your Way To A Healthy BodyHow To Get Rid Of Love HandlesFastest Way To Lose Weight Is Also The EasiestHealthy Natural Weight LossWorkout Tips from Hollywood Fitness BabesTechniques and Tips To Stay On The Diet TrackLooking Like A Movie StarThe Low Down on Weigh DownLose Weight EffectivelyTop Diet Plans And Weight Loss Pills ReviewedThe Amazing Diet-Not for Diabetics AloneFat Loss and Diets - My ExperienceBody And Weight Release GoalsDining Out, Weighing In - Restaurant Meals Are Higher in CaloriesDo You Want to Know The 3 Requirements for Successful Weight Loss?Most Viewed EzineArticles in the Health-and-Fitness:Weight-Loss Category20 Ways to Lose WeightHelp to Reduce Belly FatA Negative Calorie Food ListSpeed up MetabolismBelly Fat: Enough of That! One Probable Cause of Excess Abdominal FatThe How To Guide for Six Pack AbsFat Burning FoodsWhat's the Peter Jackson Weight Loss Secret? Introducing the Skull Island DietA Startling Fact About Losing Dangerous Belly Fat -- Without ExerciseBike Riding for Weight Loss - Tips for Beginning A Bicycling PlanDoctor, Why Can't I Loose Weight and by the Way Why Do I Feel Sick?How Many Calories Can I Have And Still Lose Weight?The Most Effective Fat Burning And Muscle Building Workout That Takes Just 13 MinutesNegative Calorie Foods & Weight LossGood Food/Bad Food What's Left to Eat?This article has been viewed 38 time(s).Article Submitted On: July 12, 2007/* */Please Rate This Article: (No Ratings Yet)Loading ...MLA Style Citation:England, Phillip. "America Weight Loss Center- How to Choose the Best." EzineArticles 12 July 2007. 28 July 2007 <http://ezinearticles.com/?America-Weight-Loss-Center-How-to-Choose-the-Best&id=641957>.APA Style Citation:England, Phillip. (2007, July 12). America Weight Loss Center- How to Choose the Best. EzineArticles. Retrieved July 28, 2007, from http://ezinearticles.com/?America-Weight-Loss-Center-How-to-Choose-the-Best&id=641957Chicago Style Citation:England, Phillip. 2007 America Weight Loss Center- How to Choose the Best. EzineArticles (July, 12), http://ezinearticles.com/?America-Weight-Loss-Center-How-to-Choose-the-Best&id=641957 (accessed July 28, 2007)Reader's Digest: Best of AmericaWeight Loss. Condition Centers ... Pet Center · Relationships & Sex · Home & Garden · Repairs · Interior Improvements · Exterior Improvements ...www.rd.com/boa.do - 71k - Cached - Similar pagesGlaxo's weight loss drug Alli approved for OTC use - Feb. 8, 2007Dieters have Alli in weight-loss war. Experts: Fat-blocking drug has massive ... 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Many offer the chance to consult with medical doctors, physical therapists, nutritionists, personal trainers, even acupuncturists and life coaches. [2] Other programs may teach attendees how to cook or select healthy meals. Prices at these luxury resorts can be quite expensive, some cost over $3,000 a week.[3]Some are more similar to medical centers and take a clinical approach, such as Clinique La Prairie and the Cooper Wellness Program in Dallas, Texas.[2]Celebrities such as Oprah Winfrey and Michael Moore are sometimes mocked for going to weight loss resorts.[4
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Weight Control in the United StatesMintel, April 2005, Pages: 72
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The U.S. market for weight control products was worth $1.9 billion in 2004, following a sharp decline that began in 2002, after the market reached $2.2 billion. The combined effects of the Ephedra controversy as well as trends in low-carb dieting have had a strong impact on the weight control product market.While sales have suffered, we believe the decline is temporary, as interest in low-carb diets is waning, and as manufacturers have produced entirely new lines of products which do not use Ephedra. TrimSpa is one of the earlier success stories. New products launched in 2004 include Relacore and Cortislim. These reduce the effects of the hormone cortisol, which is activated during stress and can cause weight gain. As the low-carb diets decine in popularity, these new products could become the next favorite diet plan. At time of publication, it also appears likely that the ban on Ephedra will be overturned, but regaining consumer confidence and rebuilding sales will take time.In addition to products designed for weight loss, this report includes products used to gain weight or build muscle. This report focuses on weight control drinks (liquid and powdered) and over the counter weight control pills and candy.This report does not include power, cereal or snack bars; meal replacement bars; smoothies or yogurt drinks; perscription weight control, diet foods, or products sold only in weight control clinics or centers.This report contains US IRI InfoScan data. Customers who bought this item also boughtChinese Markets for Weight Control ProductsSports Nutrition & Weight Loss Report 2004Low and Light Food and Drinks - International Trends and Developments in Weight ControlUnited States top 9 weight control and nutritional liquids and powders brands by volume, units and percent change for year ending April 18, 2004United States weight control products industry sales by sales channel, brand, and company in dollars, percent change, unit sales, and market share for 2003United States top 10 weight control products by distribution channel, brand, and company ranked in dollars, percent change, unit sales and market share for 2003United States top 10 weight control candy and tablet sales by brand and company in dollars, retail outlet, market share, and unit sales for the year ending February 22, 2003United States top 10 weight control/meal replacement products by distribution channel, brand, and company ranked in dollars, percent change, unit sales and market share for 2003
HOME::Health-and-Fitness/Weight-Loss
America Weight Loss Center- How to Choose the BestBy Phillip England
Article Word Count: 368 [View Summary] Comments (0)
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Not all America weight loss centers are the same, in the same way that not all gyms are the same. Some centers offer more facilities and services than others. Here are tips on choosing the right kind of America weight loss center no matter what your weight loss goals and health condition.
Mind the fees
Do not be fooled by infomercials that claim to offer ‘free consultations.’ Some America weight loss center only fool you into believing that you can actually get free advice, only so that they can pressure you to become a member on the spot. Here’s a simple trick: when you go ‘shopping and comparing’ an America weight loss center, leave your cash and checkbook in your car. This way, no amount of sales talk can make you sign a contract and fork over hundreds or thousands of dollars. Take time to weigh all of your options before signing up.
Also beware of the additional fees not mentioned in the center’s ads and commercials. Most of them ask for annual maintenance fees (usually $80) the moment you reach your desired weight. Some of them even require you to buy vitamins, books, and tapes – these little things may seem cheap individually, but them add them up and you’ve got a big bill ahead of you.
Vicinity is important
Make sure that the America weight loss center you choose is conveniently located near your home or your office. If the center is so far and out of the way that you have to drive half an hour to get there, chances are, you will miss your sessions. By choosing an America weight loss center near your residence or your office, you can fit your sessions right into your schedule. Go there after work or during weekends – the choice is up to you.
Do they offer psychological support?
Most weight loss journeys are emotional – there will be times when you will feel very deprived because the America weight loss center won’t allow you to eat the unhealthy foods you love. Look for a center that offers professional counseling – this can help gurad you from developing unusual depression or even anger resulting from changes in your eating habits.
Phillip England is a weight loss expert and Author of the popular report "The Ultimate Weight Loss Secret". To receive your free information on the secret that doctors, and health companies either don't know, or don't want you to know, please see http://www.theultimateweightlosssecret.com/secret
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Phillip_England
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MLA Style Citation:England, Phillip. "America Weight Loss Center- How to Choose the Best." EzineArticles 12 July 2007. 30 July 2007 <http://ezinearticles.com/?America-Weight-Loss-Center--How-to-Choose-the-Best&id=641957>.
APA Style Citation:England, Phillip. (2007, July 12). America Weight Loss Center- How to Choose the Best. EzineArticles. Retrieved July 30, 2007, from http://ezinearticles.com/?America-Weight-Loss-Center--How-to-Choose-the-Best&id=641957
Chicago Style Citation:England, Phillip. 2007 America Weight Loss Center- How to Choose the Best. EzineArticles (July, 12), http://ezinearticles.com/?America-Weight-Loss-Center--How-to-Choose-the-Best&id=641957 (accessed July 30, 2007)
Learn Which Are The 'Best of the Best' Diet and Weight Loss Programs
Not happy with your weight?
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If this cartoon expresses your frustration with Diets and Weight Loss Programs, you aren't alone...
Sheesh! there are sooo many to choose from!
But is there one that will really work?
Atkins? The Zone? Southbeach? Dr. Phil's Shape Up? Low Carb? High Protein? Low Fat? There are too many other plans to even count, some good, some not so good.
The answer to the puzzle depends on you. As a unique individual you require a program designed specifically to work with your metabolism.
Do you want to lose 10 pounds ... 100 pounds?... more?
Whatever your goals may be, we can help you choose among the best programs available.
My name is Cindy Brotherston , I'm a certified Fitness Trainer, YMCA certified Fitness Instructor and nutritional consultant and I've reviewed and rated dozens of internet weight loss and fitness programs.
I've seen the good, the bad and the ugly and I've weeded out everything but the very best!
On this page you will find a comprehensive listing of online diets and weight loss programs created by experts who understand that weight loss, permanent and healthy weight loss, can only be achieved by making some changes in lifestyle. Don't worry, the changes are not that painful!
Willpower alone will never do it.
Fad diets will never do it.
You need solid support, ongoing encouragement as well as sound nutritional and fitness advice, all built into a convenient, incremental system.
The only missing ingredient is your decision to take action.
So it's really up to you. Get in and get looking. The sooner you begin, the sooner you'll get into the shape and the body of your dreams.
So, go ahead!
Just imagine how much more fun your life will be when the slimmer you comes out from hiding!
I wish you all the best with lots and LOTS of Success in your quest!:-) - Cindy
Top Rated Weight Loss Programs
Global Health and Fitness Weight Loss Program Global Health and Fitness is an award winning site and a favourite of ours for some time. Chad Tackett knows that the key to weight loss and long term weight management is dependent on lifestyle. Your weight loss program membership will include personal consulting, a personal diet plan, healthy recipes and lots of free extras. This weight loss program is highly recommended!Read our review here...
eDiets.com Ediets.com is one of the most popular diet and weight loss program sites on the net for good reason. They now have over 1 million members! Daily mealplan, fitness program and motivational support are designed to meet your specific preferences. Choose from popular diets like Atkins, The Zone, Dr. Phils Shape Up! program and more. Your program is designed to meet your food preferences, medical history and lifestyle.Read our review here...
Bob Greene's Total Body Makeover I just picked up the book "Bob Greene's Total Body Makeover, An accelerated program of exercise for maximum results in minimum time." and I found that it mirrors my own views of what a weight loss program should be. With the many real-life examples of clients who successfully changed their lives as told in their own words, this book is also a good read. There is a pretty good reason why Oprah chose him as her personal trainer.Read our review here...
The South Beach Diet vs. The Atkins Diet There has been some controversy and many questions about the differences between the South Beach Diet and the Atkins Diet. Here's my take on these two weight loss programs.Read our review here...
Diet.com, the 'Personality Type' Diet Diet.com's diet plan makes alot of sense to me in it's approach to an individuals personality type. Healthy eating and a customized exercise plan tailored to an individuals personality traits that will make the program easier to follow is a very sensible approach.Read our review here...
Weight Watchers Diet Program"The Weight Watchers weight loss program has been around along time and many people have achieved success with them. Using a point system called the "turnaround system" followers are able to eat some of whatever foods they like.Read our review here...
Burn the Fat, Feed the Muscle"One program we really like is the one that Tom Venuto has put together. In Burn The Fat Feed The Muscle, Tom explains precisely what to eat and how to exercise for permanent weight loss. Tom has released this weight loss program as an e-book that you simply download and read today (rather than wait for the hard copy to be sent to your home). You can read an article by Tom Venuto on this page calorie counting.This link explains more:Burn The Fat - Feed The Muscle.
Dr. Phil's Ultimate Weight SolutionDr. Phil's weight loss diet with the "7 Keys to Weight Loss Freedom" became a bestseller a couple of years ago mostly because of his own promotion on the Dr. Phil Show. What does a psycologist know about weight loss? I just finished the book and you will find the answers in my review...Read our review here
Fat Loss Revealed by Will BrinkI was surprised and impressed with the expansion of the Ebook written by recognized expert Will Brink into a full-blown, full-featured fat-loss program including the book and a membership site with everything you could ask for in diet information and support. At only $39, this is a very good value.Read our review here
NutriSystem Nutrisystem is an online, weight loss system wherein you order pre-packaged meals from their website that are delivered to your door. Looks to be for busy people who don't like to shop and need assistance with meal planning and portion control. They have several programs to chose from depending on your profile.Read our review here
Go to the top of Best Weight Loss Programs page
Inspirations Personal Training Home Page

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Weight loss


The Facts About Weight Loss
Products and Programs

Presented as a Public Service by:
Federal Trade Commission
Food and Drug Administration
National Association of Attorneys General

The Weight-Loss Industry

Looking for a quick and easy way to lose weight? You're not alone. An estimated 50 million Americans will go on diets this year. And while some will succeed in taking the weight off, very few--perhaps 5 percent--will manage to keep all of it off in the long run.

One reason for the low success rate is that many people look for quick and easy solutions to their weight problems. They find it hard to believe in this age of scientific innovations and medical miracles that an effortless weight-loss method doesn't exist.

So they succumb to quick-fix claims like "Eat All You Want and Still Lose Weight!" or "Melt Fat Away While You Sleep!" And they invest their hopes (and their money) in all manner of pills, potions, gadgets, and programs that hold the promise of a slimmer, happier future.

The weight-loss business is a booming industry. Americans spend an estimated $30 billion a year on all types of diet programs and products, including diet foods and drinks. Trying to sort out all of the competing claims--often misleading, unproven, or just plain false--can be confusing and costly.

This brochure is designed to give you the facts behind the claims, to help you avoid the outright scams, and to encourage you to consider thoroughly the costs and consequences of the dieting decisions you make.

The Facts About Weight Loss

Being obese can have serious health consequences. These include an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, gallstones, and some forms of cancer. Losing weight can help reduce these risks. Here are some general points to keep in mind:

  • Any claims that you can lose weight effortlessly arefalse. The only proven way to lose weight is either to reduce the number of calories you eat or to increase the number of calories you burn off through exercise. Most experts recommend a combination of both.
  • Very low-calorie diets are not without risk and should be pursued only under medical supervision. Unsupervised very low-calorie diets can deprive you of important nutrients and are potentially dangerous.
  • Fad diets rarely have any permanent effect. Sudden and radical changes in your eating patterns are difficult to sustain over time. In addition, so-called "crash" diets often send dieters into a cycle of quick weight loss, followed by a "rebound" weight gain once normal eating resumes, and even more difficulty reducing when the next diet is attempted.
  • To lose weight safely and keep it off requires long-term changes in daily eating and exercise habits. Many experts recommend a goal of losing about a pound a week. A modest reduction of 500 calories per day will achieve this goal, since a total reduction of 3,500 calories is required to lose a pound of fat. An important way to lower your calorie intake is to learn and practice healthy eating habits.

In Search of the "Magic Bullet"

Some dieters peg their hopes on pills and capsules that promise to "burn," "block," "flush," or otherwise eliminate fat from the system. But science has yet to come up with a low-risk "magic bullet" for weight loss. Some pills may help control the appetite, but they can have serious side effects. (Amphetamines, for instance, are highly addictive and can have an adverse impact on the heart and central nervous system.) Other pills are utterly worthless.

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and a number of state Attorney General have successfully brought cases against marketers of pills claiming to absorb or burn fat. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has banned 111 ingredients once found in over-the-counter diet products. None of these substances, which include alcohol, caffeine, dextrose, and guar gum, have proved effective in weight-loss or appetite suppression.

Beware of the following products that are touted as weight-loss wonders:

  • Diet patches, which are worn on the skin, have not been proven to be safe or effective. The FDA has seized millions of these products from manufacturers and promoters.
  • "Fat blockers" purport to physically absorb fat and mechanically interfere with the fat a person eats.
  • "Starch blockers" promise to block or impede starch digestion. Not only is the claim unproven, but users have complained of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pains.
  • "Magnet" diet pills allegedly "flush fat out of the body." The FTC has brought legal action against several marketers of these pills.
  • Glucomannan is advertised as the "Weight Loss Secret That's Been in the Orient for Over 500 Years." There is little evidence supporting this plant root's effectiveness as a weight-loss product.
  • Some bulk producers or fillers, such as fiber-based products, may absorb liquid and swell in the stomach, thereby reducing hunger. Some fillers, such as guar gum, can even prove harmful, causing obstructions in the intestines, stomach, or esophagus. The FDA has taken legal action against several promoters containing guar gum.
  • Spirulina, a species of blue-green algae, has not been proven effective for losing weight.

Phony Devices and Gadgets

Phony weight-loss devices range from those that are simply ineffective to those that are truly dangerous to your health. At minimum, they are a waste of your hard-earned money. Some of the fraudulent gadgets that have been marketed to hopeful dieters over the years include:

  • Electrical muscle stimulators have legitimate use in physical therapy treatment. But the FDA has taken a number of them off the market because they were promoted for weight loss and body toning. When used incorrectly, muscle stimulators can be dangerous, causing electrical shocks and burns.
  • "Appetite suppressing eyeglasses" are common eyeglasses with colored lenses that claim to project an image to the retina which dampens the desire to eat. There is no evidence these work.
  • "Magic weight-loss earrings" and devices custom-fitted to the purchaser's ear that purport to stimulate acupuncture points controlling hunger have not been proven effective.

Diet Programs

Approximately 8 million Americans a year enroll in some kind of structured weight-loss program involving liquid diets, special diet regimens, or medical or other supervision. In 1991, about 8,500 commercial diet centers were in operation across the country, many of them owned by a half-dozen or so well-known national companies.

Before you join such a program, you should know that according to published studies relatively few participants succeed in keeping off weight long-term. Recently, the FTC brought action against several companies challenging weight-loss and weight-maintenance claims. Unfortunately, some other companies continue to make overblown claims.

The FTC stopped one company from claiming its diet program caused rapid weight loss through the use of tablets that would "burn fat" and a protein drink mix that would adjust metabolism. The FTC also took action against three major programs using doctor-supervised, very low-calorie liquid diets, and they agreed to stop making claims unless they could back them up with hard data.

Before you sign up with a diet program, you might ask these questions:

  • What are the health risks?
  • What data can you show me that proves your program actually works?
  • Do customers keep off the weight after they leave the diet program? ?
  • What are the costs for membership, weekly fees, food, supplements, maintenance, and counseling? What's the payment schedule? Are any costs covered under health insurance? Do you give refunds if I drop out?
  • Do you have a maintenance program? Is it part of the package or does it cost extra?
  • What kind of professional supervision is provided? What are the credentials of these professionals?
  • What are the program's requirements? Are there special menus or foods, counseling visits, or exercise plans?

Clues to Fraud

It is important for consumers to be wary of claims that sound too good to be true. When it comes to weight-loss schemes, consumers should be particularly skeptical of claims containing words and phrases like:

  • easy
  • effortless
  • guaranteed
  • miraculous
  • magical
  • breakthrough
  • new discovery
  • mysterious
  • exotic
  • secret
  • exclusive
  • ancient

Sensible Weight Maintenance Tips

Losing weight may not be effortless, but it doesn't have to be complicated. To achieve long-term results, it's best to avoid quick-fix schemes and complex regimens. Focus instead on making modest changes to your life's daily routine. A balanced, healthy diet and sensible, regular exercise are the keys to maintaining your ideal weight. Although nutrition science is constantly evolving, here are some generally-accepted guidelines for losing weight:

  • Consult with your doctor, a dietician, or other qualified health professional to determine your ideal healthy body weight.
  • Eat smaller portions and choose from a variety of foods.
  • Load up on foods naturally high in fiber: Fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains.
  • Limit portions of foods high in fat: dairy products like cheese, butter, and whole milk; red meat; cakes and pastries.
  • Exercise at least three times a week.

For Help and Information

The Federal Trade Commission has jurisdiction over advertising and marketing of foods, non-prescription drugs, medical devices, and health care services. The FTC can seek federal court injunctions to halt fraudulent claims and obtain redress for injured consumers.

The Food and Drug Administration has jurisdiction over the content and labeling of foods, drugs, and medical devices. The FDA can take law enforcement action to seize and prohibit the sale of products that are falsely labeled.

Most state Attorney General have authority under state consumer protection statutes to investigate and prosecute unfair or deceptive acts and practices. Many have the power to seek consumer restitution, civil fines, and revocation of a company's authority to do business.

To get more information or to file complaints about weight-loss products or programs, write:

Federal Trade Commission
Correspondence Branch
Washington, D.C. 20580

or

Food and Drug Administration
Consumer Affairs and Information
5600 Fishers Lane
Rockville, MD 20857

or

Your State Attorney General
Office of Consumer Protection
Your State Capital

DHHS Publication No (FDA) 92-1189

Choosing a weight-loss program may be a difficult task. You may not know what to look for in a weight-loss program or what questions to ask. This fact sheet can help you talk to your health care professional about weight loss and get the best information before choosing a program.


Talk With Your Health Care Professional

If your health care provider tells you that you should lose weight and you want to find a weight-loss program to help you, look for one that is based on regular physical activity and an eating plan that is balanced, healthy, and easy to follow.

You may want to talk with your doctor or other health care professional about controlling your weight before you decide on a weight-loss program. Even if you feel uncomfortable talking about your weight with your doctor, remember that he or she is there to help you improve your health. Here are some tips:
  • Tell your provider that you would like to talk about your weight. Share your concerns about any medical conditions you have or medicines you are taking.
  • Write down your questions in advance.
  • Bring pen and paper to take notes.
  • Bring a friend or family member along for support if this will make you feel more comfortable.
  • Make sure you understand what your health care provider is saying. Ask questions if there is something you do not understand.
  • Ask for other sources of information like brochures or websites.
  • If you want more support, ask for a referral to a registered dietitian, a support group, or a commercial weight-loss program.
  • Call your provider after your visit if you have more questions or need help.

Top


Ask Questions Find out as much as you can about your health needs before joining a weight-loss program. Here are some questions you might want to ask your health care provider:

About Your Weight

  • Do I need to lose weight? Or should I just avoid gaining more?
  • Is my weight affecting my health?
  • Could my excess weight be caused by a medical condition such as hypothyroidism or by a medicine I am taking? (Hypothyroidism is when your thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone, a condition that can slow your metabolism—how your body creates and uses energy.)
About Weight Loss
  • What should my weight-loss goal be?
  • How will losing weight help me?
About Nutrition and Physical Activity
  • How should I change my eating habits?
  • What kinds of physical activity can I do?
  • How much physical activity do I need?
About Treatment
  • Should I take weight-loss medicine?
  • What about weight-loss surgery?
  • Could a weight-loss program help me?

Top


A Responsible and Safe Weight-loss Program If your health care provider tells you that you should lose weight and you want to find a weight-loss program to help you, look for one that is based on regular physical activity and an eating plan that is balanced, healthy, and easy to follow. Weight-loss programs should encourage healthy behaviors that help you lose weight and that you can stick with every day. Safe and effective weight-loss programs should include:
  • Healthy eating plans that reduce calories but do not forbid specific foods or food groups.
  • Tips to increase moderate-intensity physical activity.
  • Tips on healthy behavior changes that also keep your cultural needs in mind.
  • Slow and steady weight loss. Depending on your starting weight, experts recommend losing weight at a rate of 1/2 to 2 lbs per week. Weight loss may be faster at the start of a program.
  • Medical care if you are planning to lose weight by following a special formula diet, such as a very low-calorie diet.
  • A plan to keep the weight off after you have lost it.

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Get Familiar With the Program Gather as much information as you can before deciding to join a program. Professionals working for weight-loss programs should be able to answer the questions listed below.

What does the weight-loss program consist of?

  • Does the program offer one-on-one counseling or group classes?
  • Do you have to follow a specific meal plan or keep food records?
  • Do you have to purchase special food, drugs, or supplements?
  • Does the program help you be more physically active, follow a specific physical activity plan, or provide exercise instruction?
  • Does the program teach you to make positive and healthy behavior changes?
  • Is the program sensitive to your lifestyle and cultural needs?
What are the staff qualifications?
  • Who supervises the program?
  • What type of weight management training, experience, education, and certifications do the staff have?
Does the product or program carry any risks?
  • Could the program hurt you?
  • Could the recommended drugs or supplements harm your health?
  • Do participants talk with a doctor?
  • Does a doctor run the program?
  • Will the program’s doctors work with your personal doctor if you have a medical condition such as high blood presure or are taking prescribed drugs?
How much does the program cost?
  • What is the total cost of the program?
  • Are there other costs, such as weekly attendance fees, food and supplement purchases, etc.?
  • Are there fees for a follow-up program after you lose weight?
  • Are there other fees for medical tests?
What results do participants typically have?
  • How much weight does an average participant lose and how long does he or she keep the weight off?
  • Does the program offer publications or materials that describe what results participants typically have?

If you are interested in finding a weight-loss program near you, ask your health care provider for a referral or contact your local hospital.

For additional, general information, contact:

Weight-control Information Network (WIN)
1 WIN Way
Bethesda, MD 20892-3665
Phone: (202) 828-1025
Toll-free number: 1-877-946-4627
FAX: (202) 828-1028
Email: WIN@info.niddk.nih.gov

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These publications from WIN offer more information on weight-loss programs, healthy eating, and physical activity:

Active at Any Size, a brochure from WIN to help very large people become more physically active. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Publication No. 04-4352. Updated April 2004.

Better Health and You: Tips for Adults, a brochure on healthy eating, part of the series Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Across Your Lifespan.
NIH Publication No. 04-4992. Updated June 2004.

Very Low-calorie Diets, a fact sheet for health professionals. NIH Publication No. 03-3894. January 2003.

Weight Loss for Life, a brochure offering sensible weight-control advice. NIH Publication No. 04-3700. June 2004.

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Additional Resources Federal Trade Commission
Consumer Response Center
600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20580
Phone: (202) FTC-HELP (382-4357)
Toll-free number: 1-877-382-4357
Internet: www.ftc.gov/index.html

For the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) publication Weight Loss: Finding a Weight Loss Program that Works for You, go to www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/health/wgtloss.pdf.

For the FTC publication Weighing the Evidence in Diet Ads, go to www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/health/evidence.htm.

International Food Information Council Foundation
1100 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Suite 430
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 296-6540
Internet: www.ific.org

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Weight-control Information Network

1 WIN WAY
Bethesda, MD 20892-3665
Phone: (202) 828-1025
Toll-free number: 1-877-946-4627
FAX: (202) 828-1028
Email: WIN@info.niddk.nih.gov
Internet: www.win.niddk.nih.gov

The Weight-control Information Network (WIN) is a national information service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is the Federal Government’s lead agency responsible for biomedical research on nutrition and obesity. Authorized by Congress (Public Law 103-43), WIN provides the general public, health professionals, the media, and Congress with up-to-date, science-based health information on weight control, obesity, physical activity, and related nutritional issues. Publications produced by WIN are reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. This fact sheet was also reviewed by Susan Z. Yanovski, M.D., Director, Obesity and Eating Disorders Program and Co-Director, Office of Obesity Research, NIDDK.

This publication is not copyrighted. WIN encourages users of this fact sheet to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.


Publications
Return to the NIDDK Home Page.

NIH Publication No. 03-3700
May 2003
Revised February

Deadweight loss

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Deadweight loss created by a binding price ceiling.  Producer surplus is necessarily decreased, while consumer surplus may or may not increase; however the decrease in producer surplus must be greater than the increase (if any) in consumer surplus.
Deadweight loss created by a binding price ceiling. Producer surplus is necessarily decreased, while consumer surplus may or may not increase; however the decrease in producer surplus must be greater than the increase (if any) in consumer surplus.

In economics, a deadweight loss (also known as excess burden) is a loss of economic efficiency that can occur when equilibrium for a good or service is not Pareto optimal. In other words, either people who would have more marginal benefit than marginal cost are not buying the good or service or people who would have more marginal cost than marginal benefit are buying the product.

Causes of deadweight loss can include monopoly pricing (see artificial scarcity), externalities, taxes or subsidies (Case and Fair, 1999: 442), and binding price ceilings or floors. The term deadweight loss may also be referred to as the "excess burden of monopoly" or the "excess burden of taxation".

[edit] Example

For example, consider a market for nails where the cost of each nail is 10 cents and that the demand will decrease linearly from a high demand for free nails to zero demand for nails at $1.10. In a perfectly competitive market, producers would have to charge a price of 10 cents and every customer whose marginal benefit exceeds 10 cents would have a nail. However if only one producer has a monopoly on the product, then they will charge whichever price will yield the highest profit. For this market, the producer would charge 60 cents and thus exclude every customer who had less than 60 cents of marginal benefit. The deadweight loss is then the economic benefit forgone by these customers due to the monopoly pricing.

Conversely, deadweight loss can also come from consumers buying a product even if it costs more than it benefits them. To see this, let's use the same nail market, but instead it will be perfectly competitive with the government giving a 3 cent subsidy to every nail produced. This 3 cent subsidy will push the market price of each nail down to 7 cents. Some consumers then buy nails even though the benefit to them is less than the real cost of 10 cents. This unneeded expense then creates the deadweight loss.

[edit] Hicks vs. Marshall

Also, an important distinction should be drawn between Hicksian and Marshallian deadweight loss. The latter is related to the concept of consumer surplus, such that it can be shown that the Marshallian deadweight loss is zero where demand is perfectly elastic or supply is perfectly inelastic. On the other hand, Hicks analysed the situation through indifference curves and noted that when the Marshallian Demand Curve exhibits perfect inelasticity, the policy or economic situation which caused a distortion in relative prices will have an income effect and that this income effect is a deadweight loss.